How Surface Area to Volume Ratio Affects the Rate of Heat Loss :: Depression and Suicide

How Surface Area to Volume Ratio Affects the Rate of Heat Loss Aim The aim of this investigation is to answer the following questions Why do elephants have trouble cooling down? And why do mice have trouble keeping warm. Apparatus 5x cans (5 different sizes) 1x Bunsen burner 1x heatproof mat 1x Thermometer 1x Ruler 1x kettle 1x Stopwatch 1x Tripod 1x Gauze 1x Clamp and stand Plan ==== * Label each can from A to E in ascending order, A the biggest and E the smallest. A representing the mouse and E representing the elephant. * Measure and record the height and diameter of each can. * Fill can A to the top with boiling water out of the kettle. * land the water back up to a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius, to make sure it is a fair test and that all the cans start from 100 degrees Celsius. * Use a clamp and stand to hold the thermometer inside the can, position it so that the bulb of the thermometer is in the centre of the can. * With a stopwatch ready to start timing, switch dispatch the gas to turn off the Bunsen burner and start timing. * Read and record the temperature on the thermometer every two minutes for twenty minutes. * Repeat this for all of the different cans, twice for each one and make a recording of all the temperatures, and work out the averages. Safety ====== * Always wear safety glasses during the realistic to protect the eyes and avoid any hot water being splashed into them.

Free from Humans :: English Literature Essays

Free from Humans I did not witness the reflection of the nest which had the size of a mans fist. It would be a great experience since my university course in animal architecture was a pedigree of marvel at how different birds collect different materials to weave, in different fashions, out different forms of nests. I noticed it when one day, as I walked on the straight corridor towards my apartment, several(prenominal)thing softly fluttering sped across my view. He or she was a little bird rushing into the open air away from this corridor ten-storey above the ground. I turned to where he or she should have come from. Hanging from a thin branch of a tall potted plant scattered with some leaves was this egg-shaped nest with a hole. Tiny twigs and some feathers were used to weave this simple but adequate home. Probably, he or she had plucked some of his or her feathers. That could be painful, I thought. I wondered why this bird had chosen this unattractive thin plant which belonged to a withdrawn neighbor three doors away from my apartment. to a greater extent importantly, staying on a plant that was incapable of concealing it and staying at a height easily reachable by humans was unwise at all. Did the footsteps from my sturdy executive shoes frighten it? From then on, everyday, I walked past the plant with the slightest sound. At night, as I came back home and passed the plant, I would, taking contend not to startle the faint animal, steal a glance at the hole where his or her beak rested. My respect for animals is as natural as animals atomic number 18 beautiful. I cant comprehend how any human with all its gift in reasoning could inflict pain upon or even scratch off other animals when it knows well that it doesnt like pain. An ex-colleague, Diane, which was then a fresh Biology graduate, ate the same rice and meat everyday like a one-dimensionally programmed machine without being equipped with sophisticated taste buds to receive tastes and feel textur es, not to say being installed with the brain to unify them all as an experience. Its nonchalance towards good or bad food mirrors its attitude towards animal rights. Why should I care? When a cat or dog passes by, I incisively kick it. They should be sent to laboratories for testing, Dianes one-dimensionally programmed brain sent the data to the lifeless tongue which then rattled to output the sound wave.

Malcolm X :: essays research papers

Malcolms life is a Horatio Alger story with a twist. His is not a "rags to wealthiness" tale, but a powerful narrative of self-transformation from petty hustler to internationally known political leader. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Louise and Earl Little, who was a Baptist preacher alive(p) in Marcus Garveys Universal Negro Improvement Association, Malcolm, along with his siblings, experienced dramatic confrontations with racism from childhood. Hooded Klansmen burned their home in Lansing, Michigan Earl Little was killed under mystifying circumstances welfare agencies split up the children and eventually committed Louise Little to a state mental institution and Malcolm was forced to live in a detention home run by a racist white couple. By the eighth grade he left school, moved to Boston, Massachussetts, to live with his half-sister Ella, and detect the underground world of African American hipsters. Malcolms entry into the masculine culture of the zoot suit, the "conked" (straightened) hair, and the lindy hop coincided with the outbreak of World War II, rising black combativeness (symbolized in part by A. Philip Randolphs threatened March on Washington for racial and economic justice), and outbreaks of race riots in Detroit, Michigan, and other cities (see Detroit Riot of 1943). Malcolm and his partners did not appear very "political" at the time, but they dodged the draft so as not to lose their lives over a "white mans war," and they avoided wage work whenever possible. His look for leisure and pleasure took him to Harlem, New York, where his primary source of income derived from petty hustling, drug dealing, pimping, gambling, and viciously exploiting women. In 1946 his luck ran out he was arrested for burglary and sentenced to ten years in prisonMalcolms downward descent took a U-turn in prison when he began studying the teachings of the Lost-Found Nation of Islam (NOI), the black Muslim group founded by Walla ce D. Fard and led by Elijah Muhammad (Elijah Poole). Submitting to the discipline and guidance of the NOI, he became a voracious reader of the Quran (Koran) and the Bible. He also immersed himself in works of literature and history at the prison library. shadow prison walls he quickly emerged as a powerful orator and brilliant rhetorician. He led the famous prison debating team that beat the mamma Institute of Technology, arguing against capital punishment by pointing out that English pickpockets often did their best work at public hangings

Essay on the Setting of Everyday Use :: Everyday Use essays

In the short story, chance(a) Use, author Alice Walker mathematical functions everyday objects, which ar described in the story with some detail, and the reactions of the master(prenominal) characters to these objects, to contrast the simple and practical with the stylish and faddish. The main characters in this story, Mama and Maggie on one side, Dee on the other, each thrust opposing views on the value and worth of the various items in their lives, and the author drops this deviation to make the point that the substance of an object, and of people, is more important than style. The main characters in this story appear to be polar opposites. Mama, the narrator of the story, describes herself as a large, robust woman with rough, man-working hands (paragraph 5). She does not paint an attractive picture of herself, further she goes on to list the many things she can do. Like the items in the setting rough her, she seems more interested in practicality, and less interested in aesthetics. Dee, on the other hand, is defined by her sense of style, and does not seem to do anything. When her conjure was Dee, she hated the objects around her for their lack of beauty and style. When she became a member of the solid ground of Islam and changed her name to Wangero, she saw these old items as a part of her heritage and flora of art. At no time, however, did she ever have a real use for them. Examples of such items are the butter churn and dasher. The butter churn and dasher are some(prenominal) described in detail by Mama, which highlights their value to her. The butter churn, which had been whittled by Dees Uncle Buddy, was something that Dee wanted to take back with her, even though she only wanted to use the churn top as a centerpiece for the alcove dining table (paragraph 53). The bottom half, presumably, would be wasted. Dee would also think of something artistic to do with the dasher (paragraph 53). Dee never seems to weigh that she is taking away her mothers butter churn, a useful item, for a unsubstantial use. The objects that lead to the final confrontation between Dee and Mama are the old quilts. These quilts are described as being made from old material by family members, which enhances their value to Mama, and the detail with which they are described increases the sense of setting.Essay on the Setting of Everyday Use Everyday Use essays In the short story, Everyday Use, author Alice Walker uses everyday objects, which are described in the story with some detail, and the reactions of the main characters to these objects, to contrast the simple and practical with the stylish and faddish. The main characters in this story, Mama and Maggie on one side, Dee on the other, each have opposing views on the value and worth of the various items in their lives, and the author uses this conflict to make the point that the substance of an object, and of people, is more important than style. The main characters in this story appear t o be polar opposites. Mama, the narrator of the story, describes herself as a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands (paragraph 5). She does not paint an attractive picture of herself, however she goes on to list the many things she can do. Like the items in the setting around her, she seems more interested in practicality, and less interested in aesthetics. Dee, on the other hand, is defined by her sense of style, and does not seem to do anything. When her name was Dee, she hated the objects around her for their lack of beauty and style. When she became a member of the Nation of Islam and changed her name to Wangero, she saw these old items as a part of her heritage and works of art. At no time, however, did she ever have a real use for them. Examples of such items are the butter churn and dasher. The butter churn and dasher are both described in detail by Mama, which highlights their value to her. The butter churn, which had been whittled by Dees Uncle Buddy, was som ething that Dee wanted to take back with her, even though she only wanted to use the churn top as a centerpiece for the alcove table (paragraph 53). The bottom half, presumably, would be wasted. Dee would also think of something artistic to do with the dasher (paragraph 53). Dee never seems to consider that she is taking away her mothers butter churn, a useful item, for a trivial use. The objects that lead to the final confrontation between Dee and Mama are the old quilts. These quilts are described as being made from old material by family members, which enhances their value to Mama, and the detail with which they are described increases the sense of setting.

Definition of Culture Essay example -- Papers Definition Cultural Desc

With a diverse population existing in the United States today, our country is a melting pot of different horticultures, each one quaint in its own respect. Culture, distinguishing one societal group from another, includes beliefs, behaviors, language, traditions, art, fashion styles, food, religion, politics, and economic systems. Through lifelong and ever changing processes of learning, creativity, and sharing, culture shapes our patterns of behavior and thinking. A culture?s significance is so profound that it touches almost every aspect of who and what we are. ?Culture becomes the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on most us? (Henslin, 1993).Trying to define the complex term of culture with varying elements of distinguishable characteristics is a difficult task. Perhaps, a description of a culture would be easier to explain. For instance, an Iranian woman has just appeared in your office for services and it is immediately evident that her culture i s very different than yours. First, her dark colored clothing covers her faultless body from head to toe...

Definition of Culture Essay example -- Papers Definition Cultural Desc

With a diverse population existing in the United States today, our country is a melting pussy of unlike cultures, each one unique in its own respect. Culture, distinguishing one societal group from another, includes beliefs, behaviors, language, traditions, art, fashion styles, food, religion, politics, and economic systems. Through lifelong and ever ever-changing processes of learning, creativity, and sharing, culture shapes our patterns of behavior and thinking. A culture?s significance is so profound that it touches almost every aspect of who and what we are. ?Culture becomes the lens through which we descry and evaluate what is going on around us? (Henslin, 1993).Trying to define the complex term of culture with varying elements of distinguishable characteristics is a difficult task. Perhaps, a description of a culture would be easier to explain. For instance, an Iranian woman has just appeared in your office for services and it is immediately evident that her culture is very different than yours. First, her dark colored clothing covers her entire body from head to toe...

Injustices during the progressive Essay

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were a roach of injustices in the United States. The reform-minded Movement, which began in the late 1800s attempted to bring about government reforms and correct injustices in America.One example of the trouble in the U.S. was over population of the American cities. More and more people began to move cities from rural areas for jobs. As you can see in Document I, the cities were overcrowded and the foot could not hold up with the influx of people moving to urban areas. The people lived in overcrowded housing developments that were dirty and poor.There was also abuse in industries. This was exposed by Upton Sinclair(Document 2). One of his most well known novels was The Jungle, which showed the abuse in the meat packing persistence. He uncovered how the people would take super spoiled meat and use it as sausage or put it in to a can. They also used in all parts of the meat and scour rats were found to be in the meat. By writing thi s book, Sinclair was able to expose the corruption in the industry of meat packing, and Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act.A position change brought about the declining numbers of children between the ages of ten and fifteen who worked. In Document 3, you can see by the chart that the number of children workings decreased by 6.8% from 1890 to 1920. Children were often used as cheap labor and were abused greatly. The government was able to reduce the number of working children under xvi during this period of time because many states passed children labor laws.Around this time, big businesses came to power. As shown in Document 4, there were many abuses in businesses. The people who ran and formed these industries/trusts/businesses, such(prenominal) as Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Henry Ford. They acted the likes of the big bosses and held control of much of the U.S. industry. In Document 5, Teddy Roosevelt explained how he felt about how these big businesses (oil, steel, copper, etc.) should be modulate if they are only in it for the money and power. Teddy Roosevelt became known asa trust-buster because he enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act.During the late 1800s the Progressive party was formed. They wanted to bring about change in the U.S. One of their main goals included the reforming of industries. InDocument 6, their platform is partly shown. Under their platform, they wanted to stay accidents, diseases acquired on the job, and unemployment. They further wanted to have better health and safety centers, and minimum wage.In 1913, the 17th Amendment was added to the Constitution (Document 7). When the Constitution was first written in 1787, the senators were elected by legislators. In order to make the selection of senators more democratic, the 17th amendment was added. It said that senators would be elected by people from each state, not by the legislature. This is why we now have candidates that campaign for seats in the senates to the people. By adding this amendment to the Constitution, it made the U.S. more democratic.Women suffrage also took place during this time. People like Susan B. Anthony (Document 8) and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked and campaigned for women to be allowed to vote. Susan B. Anthony used the preamble of the Constitution to argue her case. She stated that the Constitution said We the people not We the men She said the Constitution was written for all people, not just men. Her efforts eventually paid off, and the 19th amendment was passed in 1922 allowing women to work.In conclusion there were many injustices in the U.S. from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. The Progressive Movement help to bring about more change as did the government. Teddy Roosevelt tried the limit the abuses of big businesses, and women suffrage was granted, and the meat packing industry was exposed. With each time comes problems but with activists some are changed and reformed. During this time period, there were a lot of in justices and issues, many of which were discovered, addressed, and reformed.

Employee Relations Activities

Employee traffic activities are those whose objective is to create an atmosphere of trust, respect and cooperation. The typically objective is to provide an atmosphere in which all employees can perform their jobs to the best of their abilities and creatively contribute to the organization.All Human resources decisions should by goal directed. Consequently, employee traffic activities should be designed and managed to inspection and repair achieve ad hoc objectives. Employee relations activities affect efficiency, in that potential reasons for performance problems are confronted and help is offered to remove them. When the problem is an case-by-case employees behavior, employee assistance and conflict resolution system seek constructive solutions. If the problem is the organizations behavior, employee management committees or other two modality communication forums can identify possible changes that will remove the problem.Much employee relations is designed to send the messa ge that the organization is a concerned conception that will help protect, assists, and deal fairly with all it members.The typical decisions that managers face in designing employee relations programs includeCommunication How best can we gravel our philosophy to employees and solicit their opinions/suggestions on work issues?Protection Are there aspects of the workplace that threaten the wellbeing of employees?Assistance How shall we respond to special needs of specific employees?Cooperation To what extent should decision making and control be shared?Discipline and conflict How shall we deal with it?An employee handbook is a necessary part of communication an employee relations program. The handbook sets out the rules and policies within which employees and managers must operate. How the organization sets wages, allocates training, and promotions opportunities, what services it provides, and what it expect from employees is discussed in the handbook. Obviously, merely writin g a handbook is not enough. It must by continuously updated, publicized to employees, and supervisors must be thoroughly familiar whit it, since they are the ones who translate policy into action. Handbook provide communication in alone one direction.Many organizations have formats for providing communication from employees to supervisors and managers. These can range from speak up and open door policies, work improvement suggestions systems, to sensing sessions, opinion surveys, or conflict resolution procedures. Unfortunately, there is evidence that there is a growing communications gap between employees and top management. Messages that managers think they are sending arent being received by employees.Every managers and employee wants a healthy and safe work environment. Prevention programs take many forms. They include redesigning jobs to diminish hazardous conditions, conducting, gum elastic training programs, even offering pay bonuses for good safety records.Safety hazard are those aspects of the work environment, which have the potential for immediate and sometimes furious harm to employee. Examples are lost of hearing, or eyesight, cuts, sprains, bruises, broken bones, burns and electric shock.Health hazard are those aspects of the work environment that slowly and cumulatively superstar to deterioration of an employees health. Typical causes include physical and biological hazards, toxic and cancer causing dusts and chemicals, and stressful working conditions.Many of the policies and programs discussed in this chapter can go a long way to prevent discipline issues from arising. Prevention should be the objective of all organizations. However, when problems arise, having procedures in place to deal with infraction can help safeguard the rights of all concerned. There are four elements to assure adherence to generally acceptable work rules of such a system.

Descriptive Names

THE PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEAS During the early ages, many Filipinos use pearls for accessories. The Philippines as we all know is really surrounded by different bodies of piddle because of these, many sea divers dive in seas just to get big and beautiful pearls. The Philippines is also rich in natural resources containing beautiful places because to these, they exportation different sizes of pearls in the different parts of the country. With all its grandeur and magnificence, the Pearl of the designate Seas lays claim to its naturally abundant environment with beautiful beaches and enthralling panoramic sights.In the past few decades the Philippines have been frequented by tourists for countless reasons. The Philippine sunset is one of the about breathtaking views one could ever see. You would love to feel that temporary bliss when you see the sky tinted with scarlet, the scarcely diffused light of the setting sun as twilight unfolds. VOCABULARY GRANDUER the quality or condition of cosmos grand magnificent ENTHRALLING something you enjoy and give your complete attention and interestFLEETING used to describe something which only last for a truly short period materialization Philippines is a beautiful place which is abundant with natural resources especially different kind of pearls. The Philippine sunset is the approximately beautiful creation that matinee idol has given. With these abundance tourist love to come in the Philippines. The Philippines was named the The Pearl of the Orient Seas because of its abundance of pearls which is located in the Philippine Sea Jean Aeriel Marie A. Manansala Gr. 4 CourtesyTHE stain OF THE RISING SUN The lacquerese called their country, Nihon, which means the source of the sun or the land of the rising sun, because it is so far east. It is a land of mountains and lakes, of give awaystanding cities and skyscrapers. And it is one of the wealthiest and most technologically advanced countries of the world. The Jap anese built their national and cultural heritage on a chain of volcanic islands. The transition from a closed society to one that opened to the outside world had a profound effect on Japan.Even today, when Japan is super-modern and technological, it retains a stark conservativeness and guards its unique custom very closely. Our tour provides a wonderful opportunity to visit this amazing country where the ancient and the innovative are wonderfully interwoven contemporary and handed-down architecture embrace one another amazing scenery and bustling cities and polite, welcoming community everywhere. VOCABULARY SKYCRAPERS a very tall buildings INTERWOVEN very closely connected or are combined with each otherBUSTLING a place with people with very busy or lively activities REFLECTION Japan is one of the most polite country in the world. The Japanese are so hospitable with tourist. Japan is one of the most advance country. Japan is a place where people will be amazed because of its an cient and heritage living. Jean Aeriel Marie A. Manansala Gr. 4 Courtesy THE LAND OF GOLDEN PAGODAS Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, is recognized by the world as the Golden Land. It is one of the earliest homes of mankind, where one can have exclusive bangs of a life-time.You have to find out why. Myanmar, despatchicially Union Of Myanmar, also called Burma, Burmese Myanmar, or Pyidaungzu Myanmar Naingngandaw, is a country lying along the eastern coasts of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea in southeast Asia. It is a land of hills and valleys and is rimmed in the north, east and west by mountain ranges forming a giant horseshoe. Enclosed within the mountain barriers are the flat lands of Ayeyarwaddy, Chindwin and Sittaung River valleys where most of the countrys agricultural land and population are concentrated.Myanmar is endowed with a rich diversity of habitat types arising largely from its unusual ecological diversity. It is home to nearly three hundred known mammal spec ies, 300 reptiles and about 100 tinkers damns species, and a haven for about 7,000 species of plant life. Since Myanmar considers such a rich pool of bio diversity as an important national asset, the Government has drawn up strict regulations to protect its biological resources. As some folktales have said, the map of the country itself resembles the figure of a dancing lady. VOCABULARYRIMMED has color or substance around its border BARRIERS something that makes it difficult or impossible for something to happen or be achieved. gift desirable ability, characteristic, or possession that ones have which they have by birth or by chance. REFLECTION Myanmar is a place of mankind where we can experience in a life time. Myanmar is a beautiful place where we can find different kinds of animals. It is a place where one should go and experience the smasher of nature. Jean Aeriel Marie A. Manansala Gr. 4 Courtesy THE TINY DRAGON OF ASIALying on the eastern part of the Indochinese penins ula, Vietnam is a strip of land determine like the letter S. China borders it to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, the East Sea to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the east and south. Vietnam is considered one of the most popular destinations in the south-east of Asia. Hanoi, the capital of the country, is an ancient city, the political, stinting and cultural center. The city began its rapid development in the 11th century, when the Emperor Wan Li Kong, moved his capital to the citadel of Thang-Long.Today it is one of the most enkindle cities in Asia, with its wide avenues and European-style skyscrapers, numerous lakes, parks and fountains interspersed with hundreds of colonial houses and pagodas. VOCABULARY RAPID fast or quick CITADEL a strong building where people could shelter for safety INTERSPERSED the second thing happen or occur between or among the first thing REFLECTION Vietnam is a land which is shaped like a letter S. Vietnam has a lot of ancient cities wher e tourist are fun of. With Vietnams development it is now one of the most exciting place in Asia because of its wide avenues and tall buildings.Jean Aeriel Marie A. Manansala Gr. 4 Courtesy RICHEST NATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA From the 14th to the 16th century, Brunei was the center of a almighty native sultanate occupying what are now Sabah and Sarawak and extending northward through the Philippines almost to Manila. By the 19th century, much of this empire had been whittled away by war, piracy, and the colonial expansion of European nations. During the 1970s, Brunei emerged as the richest state in Southeast Asia, profiting from its fossil oil wealth and the steep increases in international oil prices.Much of this vast oil income has been expended by the state on modernization and social services. VOCABULARY WHITTED having wits or understanding, intelligence as specified COLONIAL controlled by powerful countries VAST extremely large REFLECTION Brunei is one of the most richest co untry in the world. Brunei is lead by a sultan. Brunei uses its own natural resource to develop their country most especially their oil wealth. This is why Brunei was named as the richest nation in Southeast Asia. Jean Aeriel Marie A. Manansala Gr. 4 Courtesy THE LAND OF JEWELSSri Lanka the teardrop shaped nation, said to be the jewel of the Orient has always attracted travelers to its shores because of its white beaches, beautiful historic ruins and fascinating culture. The land of spices, nature and history. Floating like an emerald jewel in the dreamy Indian Ocean, the captivating isle of Sri Lanka stands as testament to the kayo of Mother Natures handiwork. One of Asias most biologically diverse countries, Sri Lanka is home to elephants, leopards, buffalo, deer, monkeys, squirrels, snakes, chameleons as well as hundreds of bird species.The island of Sri Lanka, also known as Ceylon has a long heritage for jewel-mining and trading that dates back some 2,000 years. Sri Lanka i s a tropical island situated in the Indian Ocean, off the southeastern tip of India. Sri Lanka has earned its namesake as the Island of Gems, or Gem Island (Ratna Dweepa), with its abundance of corundum gems, chrysoberyl and alexandrite, garnet, moonstone, peridot, spinel, topaz, tourmaline, and zircon. Sri Lanka has been known by many different names. Due to the rich gem stone deposits, the Arabs named it Serendip meaning Island of Jewels.VOCABULARY RUINS a part or remains after it has been damaged or destroyed HERITAGE qualities, traditions or features of life that have been move over many years and have been passed on from one generation to another CORUNDUM an extremely hard mineral REFLECTION Sri Lanka attracts its tourist because of the beauty of its white beaches, historic places and fascinating cultures. Sri Lanka proves the beauty of Mother Natures handworks. Sri Lanka is abundant with gems this is why it was called the land of jewels.

The Concept of Total War

The period between 1914-1918, or most commonly know as innovation struggle I, is historically significant. Aside from its unforgettable aftermath wherein a number of casualties and various contend return were recorded, World War I also paved the way for the emergence of the concept of total war. It is through this total war that the series of wars that followed within the international system based their strategies and larn experiences making the subsequent battles a lot worse. Total War, according to Stephen Badsey, is considered as the organization of entire societies for war in social, economic, and even spiritual sense (Badsey n. ). It is a war strategy wherein combatants forcibly involved properties, lands, and attenuate the vulnerable civilians or non-combatants in their struggle against the enemies instead of just focusing on conquering their host targets. Basically, it is an armed force waged using all national power, human strength and material goods, considering that the traditional presence of big battalions are insufficient without the Home bearing support (Kiraly 15). This movement showed tremendous effects in the uncouths populace and showed social changes.The economy of states involved in total war is strictly controlled to monitor and form the flow of money and where finances are utilized. Moreover, through the influence of media and nationalistic propaganda, the citizens are moved to strengthen their support for the total war (Schmiechen 459). As give tongue to earlier, the First World War gauged the intensity of the wars after it. Because of the tragedy caused by World War I, many citizens became very suspicious and fearful of their surroundings and the eventualities around them.The American public is no exemption to this escalating fear and apprehension with the actions and decisions done by their country either domestically or internationally. Post World War I As eventful as the World War I, the Great Depression of 1929 1933 ss on took place. It was also known as the Global Economic Slump wherein the bulwark Street stock market crash affected the American financial system (Baylis & Smith 57). Because of this economic natural depression, many Americans feared a massive social issue manifested in a surge of unemployment.Unemployment was perceived as USAs primary enemy because it resulted to a number of impoverished families suffering because of the collapse in the market (Baylis & Smith 59). Different reactions emerged during this period including the governments economic response by pursuing protectionism and avoid importing products from other countries. The period of depression ended with the emergence of World War II. Supposedly, the years 1939-1945 should relieve the American society from the economic slump it previously experienced, however, circumstances worsen as conflict escalates among the involved factions in the war.One of the domestic enemies America experienced during this period was the mas sive influx of immigrants from different parts of Europe. This is a manifestation of the escalating civil war among the different Western countries. As a response to this, US modified its migration quota system to filter out desirable citizens to enter their land. Immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland were awarded generous qoutas as compared to Russians and Italians as they were affiliated with the emerging powerful satellite group, the Soviet Union, threatening the American democratic system (Immigration Through Time).After World War II, the Cold War era, from 1945-1990 followed. It was a war between two Superpowers, the United States of America and the Soviet Union (Baylis & Smith 72). Many proxy wars in the Third World took place during this period, dragging countries all over the world in the war and dividing them between the two superpowers. The emerging power of USSR threatened the American society as the manifestation of communism is felt world wide and even domestically .The eventualities during the Cuban missile crisis triggered greater military threat in the country as the Soviet Union is believed to be keeping weapons of mass destruction. America reacted in this situation by entering the global battlefield with the USSR and pursued an build up race (Baylis & Smith 81). By the end of the cold war period, USA emerged as the most powerful country and helped some European countries rehabilitate the damages of war. The country continued to emerge as a powerful country wherein they are perceived as primary trade partners world wide.However, in the agency 9/11 period, American society placed the blame to the Twin Tower tragedy to the terrorists who were considered as the axis of evil which includes some rogue states in West Asia (Chenoy 13). As a preemptive response by the present administration, they pursued counter-terrorism campaign and established the coalition of the willing to overcome acts of terrorism world wide (Schifferes n. p). The periods of conflict that America experienced over the years showed how the public is very some(prenominal) affected.From the Great Depression and the fear of unemployment, World War II and the problem on undesirable immigrants, the Cold War era and the emergence of communism, and post 9/11 period with the threats of terrorism, the American public is imparted with so much problems and enemies both domestically and internationally which greatly affects the countrys internal affairs and national interest to pursue. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the government to ensure that the public interest is taken into friendship in their policy-making to assure the security and safety of their citizens.

Of Endings and Closures Essay

When reading a novel, whatever can non avoid but die carried away by the emotions and experiences of the characters. Some novelists atomic number 18 real good not barely at capturing interest of their readers but also getting them involved in the turn of events. Through the dialogues, the characters, and the plot, the readers atomic number 18 compelled to think, feel, and even dream. With vivid imagination, readers can feel like they ar active participants to the story. Taking this into consideration, authors should consider what the readers would feel upon reading a story.Although the beginning of the story is unitary very important part of the plot, the closing curtain is more important for it concludes and seals in every knot, each loose end presented passim the story. It decides what volition happen to the characters, and suggests to the readers how they should think or react to the situation or feelings presented. They compel the readers to continue the thought impli ed at the end, or to imagine the scenes come line up in reality. This way the storys ending is very important. Without it the story willing not reach its finality. Designing a suitable ending is very important.Based on the thoughts and experiences of the characters, the ending should provide a finality to defy the work complete. It should provide conclusion to the themes of the story, and tie every loose end so as not to leave the audience hanging. Although some stories are open-ended, where readers are asked to decide what happens next, these stories still suggest a specific ending considering the events that proceeded. The doom is, as the reader closes the book, they should be left with a thought to provoke other thoughts that they could apply in their own experiences. A storys ending does not always adopt to be happy.There are endings that are meant to be no-good especially if this is where the main character is led throughout the story. In culture about point of view, we pay heed how the storys angle of narration connects with the ending. Based on this, a story with the omniscient angle is likely to have a happy ending, where all characters will be settled in place, those who are good will be rewarded, while those who are bad will be punished. In contrast, a story presenting the psychological angle will likely constitute a sad ending or death of mortal connected to the main character.These two angles are the ones used in the novels of two great classical women writers, Jane Austen and Emily Bronte. Jane Austens Northanger Abbey presents the omniscient angle, while Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights uses the psychological angle, being told by Lockwood, who makes a reflection on what is happening most him. In Northanger Abbey, Jane Austen employs the omniscient angle. Although the story is focused on Catherine as the main character, subplots are used to tell experiences, especially love affairs of other characters like Isabella, Eleanor, John, and Jam es.Told in the omniscient angle, the author provides a closure to every subplot, and finally leads to the major(ip) one, the conclusion for the major characters journey. Noticeably, different sub-endings are employed in the story. The end of Isabellas affair with James (Catherines brother) is not successful, incomplete is her relationship with Frederick. Similarly, the arrogant John Thorpe does not succeed in winning Catherines heart, while Eleanor (Henrys sister) gets to marry a wealthy and prominent globe, an ending somehow related to that of Catherines.Told in the omniscient angle, the narrator seems to see everything happening among the characters. Although the focus is on the organic evolution in the life of the young woman, other events that spike are also told by the omniscient narrator. As such, the deeds and feelings of the characters are revealed in the story. If follows that those who are good-natured, those who does not fake affection like Catherine, Eleanor, and He nry are granted proper treatment in the story, with a proper ending for all of them.In relation, those who do not do good, and feign affection are punished, such as Isabella and John. The omniscient angle affects the story or vice versa for it considers the effect on the readers. As mentioned, those who should be punished lose in the unraveling of events, and those who are good triumph. In contrast, Emily Bronte uses the psychological angle in her novel, Wuthering Heights. The story is told by Lockwood, who serves as a major participant in the story for he is the one giving bill and reflecting on the major characters experiences.Although he is not a major character in the plot involving Heathcliff and those who have died, he plays an important usage in that the story of Heathcliff affects him directly, and makes him write his own point of view regarding other characters. As the major narrator who takes interest in his landlords story, he portrays Heathcliff with some psychological imbalance, giving his account a psychological treatment. The angle by which the story is told relates with the ending of the story.Being told in the major characters viewpoint, it gives account on what happens to the main character, Heathcliff, his affections, sufferings, emotional imbalance, etc. Through this angle we see how the death of Catherine Earnshaw affects Heathcliff, and how the anger inside him makes him fall into a tragic pit. Aside from point of view, the kind of characters present in the story affects the treatment and the ending. Both novels employ the concept of bildungsroman, thus providing the psychological, moral and intellectual development of the characters from the time they are young.As such, in Austens Northanger Abbey, we see how the naive Catherine grows up to be a self-assured individual. As the characters journey continues, she meets different people to answer her gain new insights about life, and she develops more with the experiences she has. Althou gh some events lead her to feel dismayed such as the feign feelings of Isabella towards her brother, and the arrogance of John, the encounters she has makes her a more mature person. Moreover, her encounters with the Linton and the captains hospitality of sending her back home contribute to her development, for these help her explore the world and find her place in it.The positive development of Austens character normally leads to a positive ending. As the events unravel, the readers may expect a happy ending for the character. Although Henrys proposal comes a little later than she wishes, it concludes the major characters ultimate wish, and justifies the preparation Catherine undergoes in being a full-grown woman. The plot is designed in such a way that the character experiences all the necessary events in her life, including the waiting and rejection, for her to satisfy a more important role in the end, that is fulfilling her wish to be a family woman.The same concept of bildungsr oman is applied by Bronte in the character of Heathcliff. This starts with the adoption of Heathcliff by Mr. Earnshaw despite the strong disapproval of Hindley. In the story, we see that the washy boy turns into a strong and influential man when he grows up. However, unlike the protagonist of Austen, Heathcliff develops in a rather negative way. His hatred towards Hindley and Edgar Linton makes him bitter and this does not change until the end. Although there is development, it is negative, thus leading to the tragic ending of the said character.There is a clear relevance between the negative development Heathcliff undergoes and the sad ending he encounters. Some readers who prefer a happy ending would still expect Heathcliff to change along the way, especially when he finally reunites with his son. However, it is only rational and more realistic that the former events lead to the tragic ending. The melancholy the character imposes on himself and others correspond to the ending tha t Bronte gives. The cruel and unforgiving personality Heathcliff projects more or less leads to his bad fate.We may say that this is more reasonable than make him reflect on everything he has done and have him repent at the end. Although having him repent for his sins would make the story more cathartic as what would be explained later, the ending by Bronte may have better relevance during the time the novel was written. The theme of misadventure is probably more appealing to the people during its milieu, that is why faith in God and religion is not emphasized in the story. Moreover, the novels themes of chastening and revenge are two intertwined motifs. Heathcliff suffers misery because of his cruelty and wish for revenge.He insists on having his way on everything, even if doing so would hurt the people around him. The misery he feels later leads him to insanity, as he talks to Catherines ghost on his own. It probably appealed more to the audience to have Heathcliff suffer at th e end than have him repent and change his ways. The question of catharsis is another consideration in evaluating the ending of a story. Catharsis as Meriam Webster Online Dictionary defines (2008), is a purification or purgation that brings about spiritual renewal or release from tension. In employing catharsis, the author should use elements to balance the good and evil in the story. For instance, crime stories with criminals as the main characters should not just portray them as bad people, but also as good ones. One classic display case is Robin Hood. In this tale we see that the protagonist steals from the rich to give the goods to the poor people. By making him champion the cause of the poor, the character is an example of a cathartic hero. Even though stealing from the rich is a crime, it is made positive and thus gains approval from those in the lower class.This way, the story becomes cathartic. In Northanger Abbey, we see catharsis in the lives of the characters. First, we see the consequences in the life of Isabella. When she falls in love with James, she also remains as Catherines friend, but when she leaves James for Frederick, she loses her bestfriend and the man who loves her. Such fate of an unfaithful lover demonstrates the authors way of achieving catharsis. It reveals that unfaithfulness will not lead to finding true love, and retribution will come later on.

Sylvia Plath’s Poetry Is Dark and Disturbing

From studying the unique poetry of Plath, I found it intense, profoundly ad hominem and somewhat disturbing as she wrote about the horrors of depression with ruthless truth. Her poetry is personal in that she talks about a taboo defer that wasnt acknowledged during her lifetime and in a way it made her rimes brilliantly intense. This can be seen most clearly in Child, Elm, Poppies in July and withal Mirror. Elms tone is insanely intense, dark and plain miserable and this makes the reader feel immensely disturbed.It is clear from reading Plaths work that she was in a dark hole, willing to escape. Elm finished with the disturbing line That kill, that kill, that kill. We can see by means of her callous honesty and the unsettling atmosphere that she is tormented when she says Till your head is a stone, your pillow a little turf. Here, she is using an image of a grave and this sense of fatality rate is extremely personal, many poets wouldnt write about such agitated thoughts. Her startling honesty is seen when she says I am terrified by this dark thing.Plath is afraid, she is desperate and she is reaching out to her readers, begging for help. Her use of words in Elm is also interesting. Faults could be emotional and/or physical and this shows the psychological states explored throughout Sylvia Plaths work. Malignity symbolizes evil and the intensity of how disturbed her life was. Another poem that describes the intense and disturbing life of Plath in a deeply disturbing and personal way is Poppies in July.This poem was written just after the break-up of the marriage to the love of her life Ted Hughes. In the unsettled atmosphere, it is evident that Plath is permeated with heartbreak and depression. Her anger is displayed through the disturbing use of the colour red, also symbolising danger. Poppies are usually a magnificent image of happiness and nature, but in Plaths poem we can see through her dubious and appalling honesty that even the nice things in lif e are making her angry and upset, she can circumvent no happiness from anything anymore. Colourless I feel an intense badness for Plath as I read this poem because what she is aching for is help a compassionate hand. She is looking for escape, oblivion, relief or neutrality, she can see no life worth living anymore and this makes Poppies in July even more disturbing. Plaths eccentric, ottoman and persistent writing is also seen in Child. This poem is very personal and although it is primarily a happy poem about her child there is an intense underlying sadness and emptiness. This poem is not angry, just negative, heartbreaking and regretful. Should (the full quote would be better here) implies she wishes she was able to give her children something better, she is disturbingly bluish for not being able to give them everything they want and need. In this personal poem it is evident she loves her child very frequently and this is what makes it even more haunt and disturbing becau se she is so unstable and in a state of self-destruction Your eye is the one absolutely beautiful thing. We saw such agony and anticipatelessness at the end of Child when she says This dark ceiling without a star.I personally found this heartbreaking as it is so straightforward how much she loves her child, but she knows that she is nearing the end she cant see any light in her life even though as a reader it is obvious that the light could have been her children. Therefore, I found Child a disturbing and intense poem to study. Another poem by Plath that I found to be personal on an intense and disturbing way was Mirror. It is clear as Plath looks into the mirror that she is unhappy, watching her age. A mirror never lies, but Plath cannot control solace in what she sees.She fears herself as she sees her past and youth before her. In me she has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman rises towards her day after day, like a terrible fish. Plath also called candles and the m oon, both symbols of love and light. Liars they both cast a shadow. This disturbing, empty thought clearly shows her tormented mind and that love is futile. The utmost poem I am going to discuss that shows Plaths emptiness is Finisterre. Again, it is unsettling, negative and quite violent and shows her tormented state.I found this poem quite haunting and it shows the disturbing and intense time Plath was going through. Whitened by the faces of the drowned. The sea is also associated with death by Plath. Souls rolled in the doom-noise of the sea. Here, she is disconnected from the world, she also shows her disgust to organised religion when she says the Holy statue is ignoring the prayers of the people at her feet. With her callous honesty we can see that Plath cant even find hope or rest in a God, she is well and truly alone. In conclusion, I found the poetry of Sylvia Plath to be intense, disturbing and personal.I enjoyed her poetry as everybody has murder days so her poems are e asy to relate to in the sense that everyone feels empty and unknown sadnesss now and again. Knowing about her sad death really cements these feelings in the poems as we can see that unfortunately she gave up, she never found the hope or person she as looking for to pull round her from her tormented mind. Therefore, with her ruthless verity, it is obvious that Plaths personal poems project her life in an intense and disturbing way because in the end, this magnificent, poignant poet could see vigor to live for.

Capitalism: A Love Story Essay

In class Ms. Crosdale sat us down to watch a documentary by the great Michael Moore Capitalism A Love Story. To be quite honestly at first I wasnt very interested in it until I started to hear little things like people losing their jobs and companies fetching out life insurance on their employees unknowingly. I took it upon myself to go home and catch the rest of it on Netflix. After two hours of seeing the evil of capitalism or, as Michael Moore puts it, legal greed, I see myself looking at the world and our government in a different light.I have volunteered plenty of clock before in shelters and have heard stories of capitalism pickings toll over peoples life and leaving left with absolutely nothing. I also view everyday the mad rush of those who have been captured up in the rat competition for more here in the investment of the capitalist world. One man said in the movie that Wall Street is a holy place, and also implied that capitalism, each person making as practically cash as he can, is God-given. Other comments in the movie regarded to capitalism as evil. Who is right?One interesting point that came to mind while observation the documentary was was it was said following Ronald Reagan years where the policies of Don Regan turned the bull loose for free enterprises, corporations gained more political power, unions were weakened, and socio sparing gaps were widened. Then after it cuts in to speak about coverage of dead peasant insurance policies, where companies such as Wal-Mart have insurance against losses caused when workers or suppliers die. The employee is usually unaw be of the policy, and the occurrence that the company stands to benefit if s/he dies. Apparently the practice of taking out life insurance on valuable, high level employees started a tot of years ago.This seemed to make some sense, since a company stood to lose money from the untimely deaths of key personnel. But somehow, in recent years, facilitated by deregulation, this practice morphed into taking out policies on low- paid, easily replaced workers, i.e., peasants. Why? Windfall profits. It turns out that companies like Bank of America, WalMart, AT&T, Procter & Gamble, Dow Chemical, and others have found a way to make roar profits off the deaths of employees These dead peasant policies are also known to insiders as E. COLI Employee Company Owned Life Insurance. Funny? More like conscienceless Sometimes the company even gets the huge pay out when a former employee dies, because leaving the company doesnt void the policy.The movie shows a farce comedy of what would occur if God was a capitalist who desired to maximize earnings, deregulate the financial market, and desired the sick to pay out of pocket for their pre-existing crack , in comparison with several information commentators who announce the achievements of various capitalist businesses as being a blessing from God. The dictionary defines capitalism as an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. While the Bible doesnt mention capitalism by name, it does speak a great deal about economic issues.In my opinion, every thinking U.S. citizen should see this movie and take time out to think about the rural area that we are living in. Why? Very simply, because it will prick your conscience. On one level, its classic Moore, with indirect and subliminal humor, mockery (especially toward self-important people), inform exaggeration, and the clever use of peoples own words to incriminate themselves. But in over all, every point Moore makes is painfully true, and in this admit more than in his previous ones, you feel the heart of a man who has compassion for the demoralized.

Design Lab Essay

Investigate the come up of energy given off from unstable arouse cellsCalorimeter is a device utilize to measure the heat of chemical reactions, physical changes and employ to deter momente the amount of heat released or absorb during a chemical reaction. Fuel which is used every day as a source of energy cans combust giving of different amounts of energy. In this experiment the combustion of naiant candela will be used to find the change in temperature of 20 ml beaker of irrigate at different beats. Using this experiment, we can used the energy given of by the standard candle evoke to determine how other fuels used in everyday life gives off energy and how to improve these conditions. trouble how would change in time affect the temperature of body of piss system while heated by a liquid fuel?Hypothesis if the beaker of piddle burns for a long time, then the temperature would be greater from the airplane pi cover temperature than the beaker that burns for less amount o f time.ProceduresMaterials* Goggles* Apron* Beakers* Water* Flame (candle)* Stopwatch* Pencil* report card* Ring stands* Lighter* Thermometer* Graduated Cylinder* Wire GauzeProcedure1. Collected all incumbent materials2. Put on your apron and goggles3. Set up the beaker in the ring stand on top of the wire gauze4. peak about 20 ml of peeing with the receive cylinder and place on top of the wire gauze in the ring stand.5. Using the thermometer measure the temperature of the pee and record it under control group.6. tush the liquid fuel under the beaker and carefully light the candle7. Using the stopwatch, start the time for one here and now and blow out the candle after the flash has passed.8. After you confine pursy out the candle, record the new temperature of the weewee.9. Wash the beaker all in all in the similar type of body of peeing that was used to fill the beaker for the first one.10. Then repeat the travel 4-9 two more(prenominal) than times for the contr ol group.11. After doing 3 tribulations for the control, then Measure about 20 ml of water with the graduated cylinder12. measure the temperature of the water and record it under 2 fine trial13. Place the liquid fuel under the beaker and carefully light the candle14. Using the stopwatch, start the time for 2 smalls and blow out the candle after 2 minutes has passed15. After you have blown out the candle, record the new temperature of the water.16. Wash the beaker completely in the same type of water that was used to fill the beaker for the first one.17. Then repeat the steps 12-16 two more times for the 2 minute trial.18. After doing 2 minute trial, then Measure about 20 ml of water with the graduated cylinder for 3 minute trial.19. measure the temperature of the water and record it under 3 minute trial20. Place the liquid fuel under the beaker and carefully light the candle21. Using the stopwatch, start the time for 3 minutes and blow out the candle after 3 minutes has passed22. After you have blown out the candle, record the new temperature of the water under the 3 minutes trial.23. Wash the beaker completely in the same type of water that was used to fill the beaker for the first one.24. Then repeat the steps 18-23 two more times for the 3 minute trial.25. After doing 3 minute trial, then Measure about 20 ml of water with the graduated cylinder for 4 minute trial.26. measure the temperature of the water and record it under 4 minute trial27. Place the liquid fuel under the beaker and carefully light the candle28. Using the stopwatch, start the time for 4 minutes and blow out the candle after 4 minutes has passed29. After you have blown out the candle, record the new temperature of the water under the 4 minutes trial.30. Wash the beaker completely in the same type of water that was used to fill the beaker for the first one.31. Then repeat the steps 25-30 two more times for the 4 minute trial.32. Once all data has been collected, then analyze your date and write the conclusion. info hesitationEquipmentUncertaintyBeaker 0.01 mlThermometer 0.01 CStopwatch 0.01 secondsGraduated Cylinder 0.01 mlControl-1 minute campaign 1 derive of water sign temporary last temporary diverge in temp test 2 issue forth of water sign temporary workerFinal tempChange in temporary psychometric test 3 derive of water sign TempFinal TempChange in Temp2 min runnelTrial 1 inwardness of water sign TempFinal TempChange in TempTrial 2 numerate of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempTrial 3 aggregate of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in Temp3 min TrialTrial 1Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempTrial 2Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempTrial 3Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in Temp4 min TrialTrial 1Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempTrial 2Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempTrial 3Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempQ = mc?TQ hoi polloiChange in TempC4.18 J/G CProce ssed DataUncertaintyEquipmentUncertaintyBeaker 0.01 mlThermometer 0.01 CStopwatch 0.01 secondsGraduated Cylinder 0.01 mlControl-1 minuteTrial 1Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempTrial 2Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in Temp20 0.01 ml22.45 0.01 C31.30 0.01 C9 0.02 CTrial 3Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in Temp20 0.01 ml22.40 0.01 C30.65 0.01 C8 0.02 C2 min TrialTrial 1Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in Temp20 0.01 ml22.95 0.01 C40.40 0.01 C18 0.02 CTrial 2Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempTrial 3Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in Temp3 min TrialTrial 1Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in Temp20 0.01 ml22.60 0.01 C50.75 0.01 C28 0.02 CTrial 2Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempTrial 3Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in Temp20 0.01 ml22.80 0.01 C50.20 0.01 C28 0.02 C4 min TrialTrial 1Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in Temp20 0.01 ml22 . 60 0.01 C56.15 0.01 C34 0.02 CTrial 2Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempTrial 3Amount of waterInitial TempFinal TempChange in TempQ = mc?TQMassChange in TempC4.18 J/G CUncertainties of dataml of water0.01ml /20.00 ml light speed %0.05%Beaker0.01ml /20.00 ml blow %0.05%Time0.01 min /1 min one hundred %1.0% fencesitter VariablesIndependent Variable 1 (1 minute)0.01 min /1 min 100 %1.0%Independent Variable 2 (2 minutes)0.01 min /2 min 100 %0.5%Independent Variable 3 (3 minutes)0.01 min /3 min 100 %0.33%Independent Variable 4 (4 minutes)0.01 min /4 min 100 %0.25%Initial TemperaturesControl-1 minuteT1. Temperature(22.50)0.01 C /22.50 C 100 %0.04%T2. Temperature(22.45)0.01 C /22.45 C 100 %0.04%T3. Temperature(22.40)0.01 C /22.40 C 100 %0.04%2 infinitesimal TrialT1. Temperature(22.95)0.01 C /22.95 C 100 %0.04%T2. Temperature(22.40)0.01 C /22.40 C 100 %0.04%T3. Temperature(22.40)0.01 C /22.40 C 100 %0.04%3 Minute TrialT1. Temperature(22.60)0.01 C /22.60 C 100 %0.04%T2. Temperature(22.75)0.01 C /22.75 C 100 %0.04%T3. Temperature(22.80)0.01 C /22.80 C 100 %0.04%4 Minute TrialT1. Temperature(22.60)0.01 C /22.60 C 100 %0.04%T2. Temperature(22.75)0.01 C /22.75 C 100 %0.04%T3. Temperature(22.25)0.01 C /22.15 C 100 %0.04%Final TemperatureControlT1. Temperature(30.00)0.01 C /30.00 C 100 %0.03%T2. Temperature(31.30)0.01 C /31.30 C 100 %0.03%T3. Temperature(30.65)0.01 C /30.65 C 100 %0.03%2 Minute TrialT1. Temperature(40.40)0.01 C /40.40 C 100 %0.02%T2. Temperature(41.70)0.01 C /41.70 C 100 %0.02%T3. Temperature(40.55)0.01 C /40.55 C 100 %0.02%3 Minute TrialT1. Temperature(50.75)0.01 C /50.75 C 100 %0.02%T2. Temperature(50.35)0.01 C /50.35 C 100 %0.02%T3. Temperature(50.20)0.01 C /50.20 C 100 %0.02%4 Minute TrialT1. Temperature(56.15)0.01 C /56.15 C 100 %0.04%T2. Temperature(55.90)0.01 C /56.15 C 100 %0.04%T3. Temperature(56.20)0.01 C /56.15 C 100 %0.04%Q = mc?T of controlQ = 4.18 J/G C (0.048g) change in TemperatureQ= 20.0 0 ml (1L/1000ml)(1mol/22.4)(18.08/1 mol) = 0.0161 gConclusionIn this experiment it was proven that when certain about of water are left for a certain time over a flame it would change in temperature. The longer the water is over the flame, the temperature increased which proved the hypothesis to be correct. This experiment proved that the more time water is heated, the higher the temperature would be. If this experiment was to be conducted the next time, there would be a lot of changes. First the control would be in the temperature of water without any heated added to it. Then the time it was to be heated would be longer than one minute different in each different trial. much trials of the same time would be conducted to make sure that the experiment would be performed correctly.

Gender and Leadership: Literature Review

sex activity and leading Literature Review 1. Introduction Leadership theories and literature describe what attractors should do and on the other(a)(a) hand literature also exists on what attractions actu entirelyy do, the former ar normative and the latter argon descriptive (Bratton et al 2005). Leadership bearing is a relatively consistent right of deportments that characterise a leader (DuBrin 1995). The main leadinghiphip theories encompass the trait, behaviour, contingency, king squ be off, and sexual activity play and transfer leadership perspectives.This paper foc designs on transformational leadership and thus will detail the surmise underpinning transformational leadership vis a vis grammatical sexuality resistences in leadership. A brief discussion on Leadership effectiveness as it relates to sexual practice and Leadership sorts will also be sh witness. In a correction of sex and leadership movements it is strategic to highlight the deeper found ations that dedicate a bearing on why workforce and women may lead differently. adept of those causes has been found to be culture a brief recap of this take a crap and its bearing on sexual practice has also been outlined in this section. . 2 sex and Leadership Swanepoel et al (2003) define sexual urge as a demographic factor that may influence Human imagerys wariness in organisations and which rat lead to similar problems of inequality in the workplace. DuBrin (1995) state that the terms sex and sexual practice arouse controversy about(prenominal) scientific exclusivelyy and politically. He further states that the term sexual activity refers to perceptions about the expirations among priapic persons and womanishs whilst sex differences refer to actual tangible differences such(prenominal) as the fact that the mean height of men is greater than that of women.The terms gender and sex be, however, practically used interchangeably. Task and inter person-to-person styles in leadership interrogation argon obviously rele avant-gardet to gender because of the stereotypes pot fix about sex differences in these aspects of behaviour (Ashto a greater extent, Del Boca, & Wohlers, 1986 Eagly & Steffen, 1984). Men ar believed to be to a greater extent than(prenominal) than self-assertive and motivated to overlook their environment (e. g. , much aggressive, independent, self-sufficient, forceful, and dominant). In contrast, women argon believed to be more unselfish and concerned with others (e. . , more kind, helpful, understanding, warm, sympathetic, and aware of others feelings). Although democratic versus autocratic style is a different (and narrower) aspect of leader behaviour than task- sharpened and interpersonally oriented styles (see freshwater bass, 1981), the democratic- autocratic dimension also relates to gender stereotypes, because atomic number 53 component of these stereotypes is that men are relatively dominant and authorita tive (i. e. , more autocratic and directive than women.Bratton et al (2005) highlight a study conducted by Schein (1975) who ex endureed the gender issue in Leadership further with the results confirming that to both the young-begetting(prenominal) and pi evenate person managers who participated in the study being a successful manager meant being masculine in terms of stereotypical behaviours (Bratton et al, 2005). Wajcman in Bratton, Grint and Nelson stated, Some leadership behaviours are interpreted differently depending on the gender of the leader. For example, a particular action seen as firm when displayed by a man (e. , banging the turn off top with the hand) might be termed hysterical when displayed by a woman. (Bratton et al 189). Women are said to perplex participative care more natural than men because they feel more comfortable interacting with people and that their natural predis send encourages group members to participate in decision- making (Dubrin 1995). Yet as women move up the corporate ladder, their realization with the manly model of corporate success becomes important and may even reject the few powder-puff traits that they may precedent have endorsed. freshwater bass (1998) in his review of studies other than his own concludes that there is no consistent pattern of virile- egg-producing(prenominal) differences in leadership styles. Modern theory proposes that women lead differently than men (Bratton et al 2005). This theory tends to promote the idea that women have the characteristics and skill that are necessary for effective leadership and that these skills and characteristics take a more interactional leadership style, the ability to build consensus, a tendency to em magnate others, and a greater ability to nurture others (Bratton et al 2005).Robbins (date) in Swanepoel et al (2003) points out that the similarities betwixt women and men tend to outweigh the differences, and that these differences suggest that men are c omfortable with a curbive style while feminine managers prefer a democratic style (Swanepoel et al 2003). The gender perspective argues that women leaders have an interactive, people centered, participative management style. Women leaders are associated with consensus building and power sharing.Views in favour of the gender perspective counselling for equal opportunities at the work place full utilization of women to utilize available human resources cite of the special contri just nowion women can make the work place due to their leadership style and transpose entreees to situations (Bratton, et al 2005). Swanepoel et al (2003) state that in general women follow a transformational leadership style, which emphasises following, consensus, and the use of charisma, personal reference and personal contact to enhance interpersonal relations and to influence followers.Men, however prefer a more direct style where job performance is seen as transactional and they also tend to use bo llock position, power and authority to control people. To tackle the question of whether men and women have different leadership styles, Eagly and Johnson conducted a 1990 review of leadership studies. Notably, although lab studies viewed women as both interpersonally oriented and democratic and men to be both task-oriented and autocratic, field studies indicated a difference on only one of those dimensions The omen were found to be more democratic, encouraging participation, and the men were more autocratic, directing performance. http www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss A 2003 meta-analysis extended those results and indicated that women were slightly more probable than men to have the transformational leadership style. Women also appeared to reward unspoiled performance more than men, a very corroboratory part of transactional leadership. Men were more likely to criticize places and be slight hands-on, styles found to be ineffective. http www. psychologymatters. rg/womanbo ss. However, psychologists discretion against concluding that women or men have some sort of natural or inherent leadership style. There is a possibility that women, knowing how negatively people respond to bossy women, soften their approach. Additionally, the check shows only averages, or tendencies, for each sex. Some men will have more feminine management styles some women will have more masculine management styles. (http www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) Eaglys advice is to be careful about the power of perception.She says that even though the research found some differences in leadership style, the sex differences are atomic because the leader role itself carries a lot of weight in determining peoples behaviour. She concludes that women are in some senses better leaders than men but suffer the disadvantage of leadership roles having a masculine image, oddly in some settings and at high trains. Stripping organizational leadership of its masculine aura would consent to psychologists to withdraw a clearer picture of any true differences between men and women. http www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss)Eagly and Johnson highlighted the following summaries from their review The prevalence of available evidence is that no consistently clear pattern of differences can be discerned in the supervisory style of female as compared to male leaders (Bass, 198 l, p. 499)There is as yet no research evidence that makes a case for sex differences in either leadership aptitude or style (Kanter, 1977a, p. 199) In general, comparative research indicates that there are few differences in the leadership styles of female and male designated leaders (Bartol & Martin, 1986, 19. 278).However Quantitative reviews of this research have established the presence rather than the absence of boilers suit sex differences (Eagly, 1987 Eagly & Wood, in press Hall, 1984). These differences, although typically not large, tend to be comparable in order to most other findings r eport in social psychological research. (http www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) 3. 3 Cultural Dimension the bind to gender Several theories have been put forward to account for gender differences including biological differences, differences in primordial childhood and the fulfilment of culturally prescribed gender role expectations.Thomas and Bendixen (2000) refer to Thomas and Ely (1996) who sire the essence of cultural issues in organisations when they state that employees make choices at work based on their cultural background (Thomas and Bendixen 2000). It is thus important for organisations to understand these values that employees bring into the workplace (Thomas and Bendixen 2000). Thomas and Bendexin (2000) also cant on Trompenaars (1993) who identified different levels of culture, noting that national culture is at the highest level whilst organisational culture is at the conterminous level down in the hierarchy of culture. sexual urge related differences in le adership styles may have a foundation in culture. Schein (1990) defines organisational culture as a pattern of basic assumptions, invented, discovered, or veritable by a revealn group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked vigorous enough to be considered valid and, therefore is to be taught to new members as the correct course to perceive, prize and feel in relation to those problems. (Schein, 1990 111).He further identifies three levels at which culture manifests itself as evident artefacts, values, and basic underlying assumptions (Schein, 1990). Observable artefacts are things that one sees or feels upon entering an organisation. This includes the dress code, the physical layout, the liveliness and feel of the place to the more tangible things such as the annual reports and company records (Schein, 1990). Through interviews, questionnaires, or survey instruments one can study a cultures espoused and documen ted values, norms, ideologies, charters, and philosophies. (Schein, 1990 112). More direct questioning can reveal the more the underlying assumptions, which determine perceptions, thought processes, feelings and behaviour (Schein, 1990 112) For Edgar Schein (1985) the transformation that matters is a change in the corporate culture. What do leaders pay attention to, measure, and control sends symbolic signals to the suspension of the corporate culture. Hofstede is a central figure in the development of literature on the cultural construct in leadership (Dickson, Hartog & Mitchelson 2003).He advances the idea that cultural differences are initially encountered as differences in shared out values with values being defined as tendencies to prefer certain states of affairs over others (Dickson et al 2003). Hofstede (1980,2001) described initially four culture dimensions individualism-collectivism masculinity-femininity uncertainty dodge and power distance and a fifth part dimension, future orientation was added in later work (Dickson et al 2003). Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.Hofstede (in Dickson, Harthog & Mitchelson, 2003, pg 737). Uncertainty avoidance is defined as the extent to which the members of a society feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations (Dickson et al p. 740). Individualism versus collectivism spues from societies in which the ties between individuals are loose and people are expected to take care of themselves and close family only to societies that are tight where people expect their in-group to look after them and they do so in return (Dickson, et al. 2003). Masculinity versus femininity ranges from societies in which social gender roles are clearly distinct to societies in which social gender roles overlap (Dickson, et al. 2003). This dimension has a direct bearing on gender issues in that so cietal roles determine gender roles and these ultimately have a bearing on the leadership style that one practices, In her exploration of African management van der Colff (2003) uses the African tree concept advanced by Mbigi (1996).According to this concept the main stem underpinning all the most important values of African History can be traced through ubuntu, which is the key to all African values and involves collectivism (van der Colff 2003). Traditionally African leadership is built on participation, responsibility and uncanny authority. (van der Colff 2003,258). Nussbaum (1996) in van der Colff (2003) is quoted as saying that African leadership requires transparency, accountability and legitimacy. The only way they can be legitimate is to be trus 2rthy themselves before they can expect trust from employees (van der Colff 2003).Bass (1997) has argued that transformational leadership is universally applicable. He proposed, that regardless of culture, transformational leaders tickle pink followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the group or organization, followers become motivated to expend greater effort than would would usually be expected. While acknowledging the universality of transformational leadership, Bass recognized that cultural differences will contribute to differences at the individual level of measurement.He stated Variation occurs because the same concepts may contain specific thought processes, beliefs, implicit understandings, or behaviors in one culture not another (p. 132). This raises the question of the universality of gender differences in transformational leadership. Although there have been several studies on gender differences in America, unknown is the extent that these findings are replicated in other cultures. This study will show some findings of transformational leadership with a Zimbabwean sample. 3. 4. Transformational Leadership theoryFrom a broad perspective, leadership styles can be transformati onal and transactional a transformational leadership style is one that seeks to influence behaviour through inspirational and motivational means. Transactional leadership styles use contingency factors such as rewards and punishment to influence and affect behaviour (Densten, Gray & Sarros, 2002). The transactional leadership theories emphasise transactions between leaders and their followers. Transactional leaders get things do by giving contingent rewards such as recognition and pay increases.These leaders usually manage by exception to monitor performance and take corrective action to remedy myopic performance. They motivate followers by clarifying role and task requirements (Swanepoel 2003). Transformational leadership was first coined by destroy (1978) and further developed by Bass (1985, 1998) and Yammarino & Bass, (1990) with research accumulating in the area over the past fourteen years. Transformational leadership is defined in terms of four inter-related factors idealis ed influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration. taken together, these sub-types are believed to represent the most effective attitudes and behaviours a leader can have. (Panopoulos 1998). The transformational characteristic of idealised influence is based on earlier conceptualisations of charisma (e. g. House, 1977). The charismatic leader is able to inspire respect and higher order motivation in followers. The leader is able to communicate a sense of power and effrontery in higher values and beliefs. The charismatic leader possesses a clear set of idealised qualities with which followers might wish to be associated (Panapoulos 1998).The leader who provides inspirational motivation to followers is likely to speak optimistically about the future, articulating a compelling vision of what must be achieved. He motivates followers by his/her own enthusiasm. The leader is therefore not merely a distant charismatic source of referent power b ut is also able to directly and effectively translate his/her own enthusiasm to followers (Panapoulos 1998). The leader must also provide intellectual stimulation to followers. In providing intellectual stimulation, the leader is said to orient ollowers to awareness of problems, to their own thoughts and imagination, and to the recognition of their beliefs and values (Yammarino & Bass, 1990 in Panapoulos 1998). Furthermore, by providing an intellectually stimulating environment, transformational leaders are able to foster the development of creative solutions to problems, which stand in the way of organisational goal attainment. Panapoulos (1998) states that from a human-centred perspective, the most outstanding component of transformational leadership is the leaders individualised consideration of his/her followers.According to Bass and his colleagues (Yammarino, Spangler & Bass, 1993 in Panapoulos 1998), a leaders use of individual consideration is a crucial subdivision in follow ers achievement of their full potential through a close consideration of their developmental needs. In providing individual consideration, the leader is not only aware of and sensitive to the current needs of followers, but is also aiming to elevate those needs to a higher level (in combination with the use of the other factors of transformational leadership).This can be done by coaching and mentoring, as well as by setting examples and tasks, which are developmentally consistent with the needs of each individual (Panapoulos 1998). Gender differences in transformational leadership A review of past research A function of authors have speculated on possible gender differences in the use of transformational leadership (e. g. , Avolio & Bass, 1988 Bycio, Hackett, & Allen, 1995), however, there has been a notable lack of evidence (Bass & Avolio, 1994). Bass contends there are none.Yet, other studies show that women develop a feminine style of leadership, which is characterized by cari ng and nurturance, and men adopt a masculine style of leadership, which is dominating and task- oriented (Eagly, Makhijani, & Klonsky, 1992). In a study of 345 metropolitan furcate managers Carless (1998) found that Female managers are more likely than male managers to report that they take an interest in the personal needs of their staff, encourage self-development, use participative decision-making, give feedback and publicly recognize team achievements.In summary, female managers report they use more interpersonal-oriented leadership behaviors compared to male managers (Carless, 1998). The review by Eagly and Johnson was the first systematic and well-rounded analysis of gender differences in leadership. Earlier reviews (e. g. , Bartol & Martin, 1986 Dobbins & Platz, 1986) were based on limited samples and were criticized because they failed to specify the selection criteria for comprehension in the review. Eagly and Johnsons (1990) meta-analysis of gender differences in leader ship revealed mixed findings.An analysis of task-oriented style and interpersonal oriented style showed that women and men did not differ on these dimensions in organizational studies. Differences were noted for studies in which the sample did not formally hold a leadership position (experimental and assessment studies). On the other hand, significant gender differences were inform in the use of democratic leadership in organizational, experimental and assessment studies. Women used a more participative and inclusive style of leadership and men were more likely to use a directive, controlling style. Carless, 1998). Studies which have used the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Bass, 1985b Avolio, et al. , 1995) to examine gender differences in leadership style have reported conflicting findings. Bass, Avolio and Atwater (1996) examined gender differences in leader behaviour with three samples. Sample I consisted of 79 female and 150 male upper-level leaders who worked for Am erican hi-tec, Fortune 50 firms. Subordinate ratings of leadership (N = 877) indicated that female leaders were rated higher on all transformational leader behaviors compared to male leaders.These findings are consistent with an earlier study of leaders in the Roman Catholic church (Druskat, 1994). Sample 2, consisted of first-level supervisors employed by a number of organizations, 38 of the leaders were female and 58 were male. Subordinates (N = 271) observed no gender differences for the subscales of Intellectual Stimulation and sacred Motivation, however, females were reported as higher on the subscales of Charisma and Individual Consideration.Sample 2 findings were consistent with an earlier study reported by Bass and Avolio (1994). Generally, in studies that report significant differences between females and males the effect sizes are very small and it is therefore argued that there is no practical differences between female and male leaders (Yammarino, Dubinsky, Comer & Jols on, 1997). In the third sample of 154 female leaders and 131 male leaders who worked for nonprofitable organizations (e. g. health care), subordinates (N = 913) reported no differences in the leader behavior of females and male leaders. Similary, Komives (1991) found no difference between female and male manager self-ratings of transformational leadership, with the exception of Intellectual Stimulation women managers were found to be significantly higher than their male counterparts(Carless,1998). According to the gender-centred perspective, individual attributes vary according to their gender (Betz & Fitzgerald, 1987 Hennig & Jardin, 1977 Loden, 1985).This approach proposes that, women develop a feminine style of leadership, which is characterized by caring and nurturance, and men adopt a masculine style of leadership, which is dominating and taskoriented (Eagly, Makhijani, & Klonsky, 1992). Similarly, the social-role theory (Eagly, 1987) proposes that individuals assume in accord ance with societal expectations about their gender role. Through the socialization process, people learn to set to cultural expectations about their gender role.The feminine model of leadership includes typical transformational leadership behaviors, for example, participatory decision-making, collaborationism and quality interpersonal relationships between leader and subordinate (Eagly, Karau, Miner & Johnson, 1994 Helgesen, 1990 Loden, 1985). Hence, it could be expected that females and males may differ in their use of certain transformational leadership behaviors(Carless,1998). The structural perspective suggests that the organizational role the individual occupies is more important then the gender of the individual (Kanter, 1977).Within organizations clear guidelines exist for the expected performance of managers, wherefore the major issue for managers is meeting the organizations expectations regarding effective management performance, not conforming to culturally defined gen der roles. Assuming female and male managers occupy the same role within an organization and have equivalent access to status and power there is no reason to expect gender differences in leadership styles (Eagly, Karau, & Makhijani, 1995).This suggests that when examining gender differences in leadership behavior it is important to compare women and men who occupy the same position in the organization and are at the same level in the organizational hierarchy. (Carless ,1998). Eagly and her colleagues (Eagly & Johnson, 1990 Eagly, et al. , 1995) suggest that gender differences vary according to the extent of gender congeniality. Gender congeniality is described as the fit between gender roles and particular leadership roles (Eagley, et al. , 1995, p. 29). It reflects an individuals interest in a specific leadership role and judgement of their competence to perform that role. In some organizations, such as the military, leadership positions are defined in more masculine terms than f eminine. Thus, leadership positions in these organizations would be described as congenial to men. In others, such as education and nursing, leadership is defined in more feminine ways and therefore could be described as congenial to women(Carless, 1998). 3. 5Effective LeadershipSince women began to climb the corporate ladder, authorities have asked if they have what it takes to lead groups and organizations. According to the research, while men and women are equally effective in some settings, more often effectiveness depends on the fit between the setting and management gender. For example, womens typically more mentoring, coaching style is more favorably received in female-dominated professions mens more typically command and control style is well received in male-dominated professions. http www. sychologymatters. org/womanboss . In essence therefore, all things being equal, men and women are equally effective. But given varied work settings and a workplace whose top managers are still more likely to be male, all things rarely are equal. For example, women are slightly more likely to be transformational leaders, serving as role models, helping employees develop their skills, and motivating them to be dedicated and creative. That approach may actually be more effective in todays less hierarchical organizations.But not all workplaces are alike The participatory style may backfire in traditional male settings such as the military or organized sports. Conversely, the command-and-control style more typical of men may backfire in a social-service agency or retail outlet. (httpwww. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) A 1995 review by Alice Eagly, PhD, Steven Karau, PhD and Mona Makhijani, PhD, of more than 80 different studies found that when aggregated over the organizational and laboratory experimental studies in the sample, male and female leaders were equally effective.The leaders or managers assessed in the studies were typically first-level or first-line super visors, with a muscular minority of studies looking at mid-level managers or managers of mixed or unknown levels. The analysis also showed that women were more effective leaders in female-dominated or female-oriented settings, and that men were more effective leaders in male-dominated or male-oriented settings. Thus working in a leadership role congruent with ones gender gives the perception that one is more effective. (http www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) Theories of transformational leadership (e. . , Bass, 1985a Conger & Kanungo, 1988 Kouzes & Posner, 1987 Sashkin & Burke 1990 Trice & Beyer, 1986) have focused on identifying a range of leadership behaviors which contribute to effective performance. Although these theories differ in the leadership behaviors they distinguish, there exists a number of commonalty themes. Transformational leaders articulate a vision, use lateral or nontraditional thinking, encourage individual development, give regular feedback, use participa tive decision-making, and promote a cooperative and trusting work environment. http www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) Densten, et al. (2002) emphasise that successful leaders are able to build a strong corporate culture, are truth-tellers, can see the invisible, that is, touch modality potential winners or identify trends before their rivals or customers, are fast learners and good communicators. Leaders are expected to anticipate future events before they occur and have a vision to overcome uncertainties. Managers on the other hand are expected to run current operations effectively and efficiently (Bratton, et al. 2005). favourite in Swanepoel, Erasmus et al argues a real test of successful leadership in management lies in giving, to the greatest extent possible, opportunities to others within the situational context of the firm. One does not have to be brilliant to be a good leader, but you have to understand people- how they feel, what makes them tick, and the most effect ive ways to influence them. (Swanepoel, Erasmus, van Wyk, Schenk 359) DuBrin (1995) state that in order to be a leader one has to make a difference and to facilitate positive changes.They further state that the common characteristic of effective leaders is their ability to inspire and stimulate others to achieve worthwhile goals (Dubrin 1995). Drucker (2004) outlines eight practices followed by effective executives. He says that they ask, What needs to be done? and What is right for the enterprise. Effective executives also develop action plans, they take responsibility for decisions and communicating, focus on opportunities rather than problems, run productive meetings and focus on we rather than I (Drucker 2004).Drucker (2004) further explains that the first deuce practices gives them the knowledge they need, the next four help to convert this knowledge to effective action and the last two ensure that the whole organization feels responsible and accountable. Researchers are espe cially interested in the question of whether a management style more associated with women a less authoritarian, more nurturing approach will click as the workplace generally shifts to more team-oriented structures that thrive under a less directive approach. 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Rousseau DM, Tijoriwala AS. 998 Assessing psychological contracts issues, alternatives and measures, organisational culture, Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 19679-695 Schein E. 1990 Organisational Culture American Psychologist , 45 109-119 Swanepoel B, Erasmus B, Van Wyk M & Schenk H. 2003 South African Human Resource Management Theory & Practice. 3rd Edition . Cape Town Juta & Company Unknown. No date When the boss is a woman, Men and women are equally effective in settings that match gender roleshttpwww. psychologymatters. org/womanboss. Accessed on 2006/08/25

Computers help in agriculture?

Agriculture Computers help in agriculture? It squirtt position seeds or harvest surfs or irrigate fields. But it hindquarters definitely help the farmers and the agricultural scientist in various stages of do work. And why havent we commitd computing devices in agriculture till date? Just one reason, farmers ar not comfortable with computers. And since theres no market for much(prenominal) a technology, the industry never b othered to choose that field for making any software.Countries like USA and Australia use software in their day to day farming activity. It helps them choose the right crop for their field, track the growth and accounting after harvesting. Clearly such technology is useless for Indian agriculture scenario because most farmers in India tailnot effectively use it and only a few would be willing to invest in such a tool. So can computer technology re aloney help Indian or other countries agriculture? And my answer is a astronomical yes.It has a bigger rol e to play in Indian agriculture than in any other countries. Indian agriculture systems have a symbiosis between farmers and agriculture scientists. Scientists need input from farmers about(predicate) their experience, to come up with new strategies for farmers. If we can somehow avail all the necessary data to scientist, they can for sure come up with better strategies. And if we can aid in their strategy planning by providing tools to do that, scientists will be able to compare different strategies.Having leveraged the scientists to come up various farming strategies, the next obvious step is to enforce these strategies through farmers by letting them choose the one which suits their contribute the best. Imagine software, which can predict the soil fertility of a land after harvesting a particular crop, provided we have the soil fertility information of the land and the crop to be harvested now. Well if you can predict the fertility of the soil after a particular crop harvest, i t lets you decide whats the other crops can be cultivated later and helps decide the best crop rotation policy.This would guarantee the highest yield all the time. We are not in an ideal world where everyone is a computer wizard. In such a non-ideal world, what good would it bring if given to farmers? How many farmers are out there who can efficiently use such a tool? How to make software that is so easy to use even for farmers? On the other hand, if we give this tool to scientist or government officials, they can help farmers choose the best crop for their lands.